ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the influence and critical windows of prenatal exposure to pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs) on neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children. Methods: The subjects of this study were derived from the Xuanwei Birth Cohort. A total of 482 pregnant women who participated in the rural district of Xuanwei birth cohort from January 2016 to December 2018 were included. Maternal urinary concentrations of PYRs metabolites during 8-12 gestational weeks, 20-23 gestational weeks and 32-35 gestational weeks were measured with ultra high performance liquid chromatography system coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry detector. Child neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition at 2 years of age. Multivariate linear regression models and binary logistic regression models were used to assess the association between PYRs exposure during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopment. Results: A total of 360 mother-child pairs had complete data on maternal urinary PYRs metabolites detection and children's neurodevelopment assessment. The detection rate of any one PYRs metabolites during the first, second and third trimester were 93.6% (337/360), 90.8% (327/360) and 94.2% (339/360), respectively. The neurodevelopmental scores of Cognitive, Language, Motor, Social-Emotional, and Adaptive Behavior of 2-year-old children were (102.3±18.9), (100.2±16.3), (102.0±20.3), (107.8±23.3) and (85.8±18.6) points, respectively. After controlling for confounding factors, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F3PBA, one of PYRs metabolites) exposure in the first trimester reduced Motor (β=-5.02, 95%CI: -9.08, -0.97) and Adaptive Behavior (β=-4.12, 95%CI:-7.92, -0.32) scores of 2-year-old children, and increased risk of developmental delay of adaptive behavior (OR=2.07, 95%CI:1.13-3.82). Conclusion: PYRs exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy may affect neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children, and the first trimester may be the critical window.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Pregnancy , Birth Cohort , Child Development , Cohort Studies , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Pesticides/adverse effects , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced , Pyrethrins/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the level and relevant factors of pyrethroid pesticide exposure among pregnant women during the first trimester in rural areas of Yunnan province,and to provide basic data for further study and provide a basis for the formulation of intervention measures to reduce exposure.Methods According to the birth cohort of rural Yunnan built in 2014, pregnant women in the first trimester were recruited in two townships of an agricultural county who were confirmed pregnant and continued pregnancy in antenatal clinics. The concentration of the metabolites of the pesticides in the urine of women was determined by super high performance liquid chromatography and the contact status of pyrethroid pesticides was analyzed using a questionnaire survey. Results A total of 419 women in the first trimester were surveyed and 94.51% of women detected at least one of the pyrethroid metabolites, among which the detection rates of 3－Phenoxybenzoic acid (3－PBA), cis－/trans－3－ (2, 2－Dichloroethenyl)－2, 2－dimethyl－cyclopropanecarboxylate (cis－/trans－DCCA) and 4－fluoro－3－phenoxybenzoic acid (4－F－3－PBA) were 79.47%, 62.05% and 24.58%,and the median concentrations were 3.53 ng/mL, 14.80 ng/m L and less than the minimum detection limit 0.4 ng/m L.Only 12 people (2.95%) reported that they had exposure to pesticides.Self－reported exposure rate was not consistent with the actual exposure rate.Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the season was a factor affecting the level of three metabolites in women in the first trimester. Higher lever was found in women in spring (t=2.147,P=0.032), summer (t=2.144,P=0.035) and winter (t=2.453,P=0.015) compared to those in autumn.Conclusion Pyrethroid pesticides were widely exposed in the pregnant women in rural areas of Yunnan province. Some women have higher exposure level, which is related to the season.